ABSTRACT The present work is linked to childhood and child labor produced in "Las Naves" Canton and its impact on educational development, by providing concepts of one and another category, which establishes the legal regulations to determine the possibility of working in the human being and the age in which we find the legal, mental, psychological and social maturity sufficient to be able to work for pay. Thus, it refers that the work is dangerous and detrimental to the child's physical, mental, or moral well-being; that it interferes with their schooling, since it deprives them of the possibility of attending classes; it forces them to leave school early or requires them to combine study with heavy and time-consuming work. That is why a basic investigation is carried out based on the IADOV and force field methods in search of knowledge of the reality about the social problem of minors called "Child Labor". Finally, some activities are proposed to promote access to education and reduce child labor.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo está vinculado con la niñez y el trabajo infantil producido en el cantón “Las Naves” y su incidencia en el desarrollo educativo, al aportar conceptos de una y otra categoría, que establece las regulaciones legales para determinar la posibilidad de trabajar en el ser humano y a partir de qué edad se obtiene la madurez legal, mental, psicológica y social suficientes para poder trabajar de forma remunerada. Así pues, se alude al trabajo que es peligroso y perjudicial para el bienestar físico, mental o moral del niño; que interfiere con su escolarización, puesto que les priva de la posibilidad de asistir a clases; les obliga a abandonar la escuela de forma prematura, o les exige combinar el estudio con un trabajo pesado y que insume mucho tiempo. Es por ello por lo que se realiza una investigación básica a partir de los métodos IADOV y campo de fuerza en busca del conocimiento de la realidad sobre el problema social de los menores denominado “Trabajo infantil”. Finalmente, se proponen algunas actividades para impulsar el acceso a la educación y que disminuya el trabajo infantil.

ABSTRACT Labor law is the branch of law that offers guarantees for the exercise of human labor performed freely, for others, in a relationship of dependence and in exchange for a consideration. Specialized university centers need to train professionals increasingly prepared, capable of managing their own knowledge in order to provide solutions to social and professional problems. The present work responds to the needs expressed by the Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE), to focus the bases towards the conception of new methodological teaching activities in Labor Law, which allow relevant and attractive learning experiences for students. To achieve the proposed objective, a bibliographic review of the specialized literature on methodologies and methodological activities for the teaching of Labor Law was proposed; and to discriminate among the most effective experiences and methods appropriate to the reality of the UCE. The study carried out allowed determining the similarities and differences between the preferences of undergraduate and graduate students. Both groups of students agree on the use of the Case Method and Sentence Analysis as two of the most attractive methodologies for teaching Labor Law, although there are discrepancies in terms of preferences for Problem Based Learning and Puzzle Groups.

RESUMEN El derecho laboral es la rama del Derecho que ofrece las garantías para el ejercicio del trabajo humano realizado en forma libre, por cuenta ajena, en relación de dependencia y a cambio de una contraprestación. Los centros universitarios especializados requieren formar profesionales cada vez más preparados, capaces de gestionar su propio conocimiento para dar solución a los problemas sociales y de la profesión. El presente trabajo responde a las necesidades plasmadas por la Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE), para centrar las bases hacia la concepción de nuevas actividades metodológicas de enseñanza en Derecho Laboral, que permitan experiencias de aprendizaje relevantes y atractivas para los estudiantes. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto se propone la revisión bibliográfica a la literatura especializada sobre las metodologías y actividades metodológicas para la enseñanza del Derecho Laboral; y discriminar entre las experiencias y métodos más efectivos adecuados a la realidad de la UCE. El estudio realizado permitió determinar que semejanzas y diferencias entre las preferencias de estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado. Ambos grupos de estudiantes concuerdan en cuanto a la utilización del Método de casos y el Análisis de sentencias como dos de las metodologías más atractivas para la enseñanza del Derecho Laboral, aunque existen discrepancias en cuanto a las preferencias en cuanto al Aprendizaje basado en problemas y los Grupos puzle.

The tidal channels in the department of Tumbes, Peru harbor various species of penaeids, such as Penaeus stylirostris and P. vannamei, the latter of great economic importance for the country. In 2017, 560 specimens of wild prawns were evaluated in two sampling periods (May-June and September-November), from seven tidal channels to determine the prevalence of notifiable diseases: White Spot Syndrome (WSSV), Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Infection (IHHNV), Hepatopancreatic Necrosis (NHP), Taura Syndrome (TSV), Infectious Myonecrosis (IMNV) and Yellow Head Syndrome (YHV) using the PCR technique. The presence of three of the seven pathogens was detected. The highest prevalence of the study was VNHHI (6.35%) distributed in the seven tidal channels, followed by HPN (2.65%) in five tidal channels and VSMB (0.55%) present in three channels, but only in the first sampling period.

Los canales de marea en el departamento de Tumbes, Perú, albergan diversas especies de peneidos, como Penaeus stylirostris y P. vannamei, esta última de gran importancia económica para el país. En 2017 se evaluaron 560 ejemplares de langostinos silvestres en dos periodos de muestreo (mayo-junio y septiembre-noviembre), provenientes de siete canales de marea para determinar la prevalencia de las enfermedades de notificación obligatoria: Síndrome de la Mancha Blanca (VSMB), Infección Hipodérmica y Hematopoyética Infecciosa (VNHHI), Necrosis Hepatopancreática (HPN), Síndrome del Taura (ST),Mionecrosis Infecciosa (VMNI) ySíndrome de la CabezaAmarilla (VCA1) mediante la técnica del PCR. Se detectó la presencia de tres de los siete patógenos. La mayor prevalencia del estudio fue de VNHHI (6.35%) distribuida en los siete canales de marea, seguido por HPN (2.65%) en cinco canales de marea y VSMB (0.55%) presente en tres canales, pero únicamente en el primer periodo de muestreo.

Objective: The harmful use of psychoactive substances represents one of today’s largest public health problems. Yet, in spite of its global relevance, current treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) is still not entirely successful. The purpose of this study was to investigate alternative treatments and conceptions from traditional Amazonian medicine adapted to SUDs. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 practicing experts at a well-established addiction treatment center in the Peruvian Amazon and performed qualitative content analysis on the collected data. Main categories were deductively defined and corresponding subcategories inductively developed. Results: Our findings revealed characteristic features and consequences, causes and antecedents, and treatment methods of SUDs as the main categories. Overall, concepts of disease etiology bore resemblance with contemporary biopsychosocial models of SUDs. The Amazonian therapeutic means however differed markedly from current Western ones. The main methods involved dietary retreats, healing ceremonies, and purging rituals. The integral application of Amazonian methods, as well as their traditional implementation according to prescribed ritual protocols, were emphasized by the experts as crucial for efficacy and safety of treatment delivery. Conclusion: We suggest further scientific attention to these therapies, including clinical studies, for which our results provide conceptual underpinnings. Findings from this research expand the cross-cultural understanding of SUDs and, in the long run, may enhance its treatment options.

El presente artículo de revisión es el resultado de la investigación titulada "Prácticas sociales del agua en Bogotá. Tras la adversa cultura del agua y los estilos de vida bogotanos (1850-1888)". En este texto se encontrará una revisión conceptual a la problemática sobre los usos sociales del agua en torno a las categorías hábitat y significaciones del agua en la ciudad. El despliegue de estos conceptos propone una metodología basada en el análisis documental dirigida a la rehistorización de las prácticas de los bogotanos en torno a los usos sociales del agua, de la higiene y de sus costumbres con relación a la ciudadanía y al discurso de la civilización.

This article presents the first steps of a research project entitled "Social practices of water in Bogotá. After the adverse water culture and Bogotan lifestyles (1850-1888)". Here is initially a conceptual reviewing to the approach of social uses of water around the habitat categories and meanings of water in the city, fundamental categories that will serve to track, along with a documentary analysis methodology accounts of foreign travelers in the nineteenth century, the practices of the Bogotan citizens of this time around the social uses of water, hygiene and customs in relation to citizenship and the discourse of civilization.

Este artigo recolhe os primeiros avanços de pesquisa intitulado "Práticas sociais da água em Bogotá. Após a cultura adversa da água e os estilos de vida de Bogotá (1850-1888)". Aqui é feita inicialmente uma revisão conceitual para a abordagem dos usos sociais da agua em torno das categorias de habitats e os significados da água na cidade, categorías fundamentais que serão usados para rastrear, juntamente com uma metodologia de análise documental dos relatos de viajantes estrangeiros no século XIX, as práticas dos bogotanos desta época sobre os usos sociais da agua, higiene e seus hábitos em relação a cidadania e ao o discurso da civilização.